Newly Isolated Penicillium sp. for Cellulolytic Enzyme Production in Soybean Hull Residue

Abstract (1) Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and partial characterization of xylanase and avicelase by a newly isolated Penicillium sp. in solid-state fermentation, using soybean hulls as substrate. (2) Methods: Temperature, time, number of spores, and substrate moisture on xylanase and avicelase bioproduction were evaluated, maximizing activity with 30°C, 1x106 spores/g substrate, 14 and 7 days of fermentation with 70 and 76% substrate moisture contents, for xylanase and avicelase, respectively. (3) Results: Different solvents, temperatures, and agitation in the enzymatic extraction were evaluated, obtaining higher activities, 430.77 and 26.77 U/g for xylanase and avicelase using 30 min extraction and 0.05 M citrate buffer solution (pH 4.5 ), respectively at 60°C and 175 rpm and 50°C and 125 rpm. The optimum pH and temperature for enzymatic activity determination were 5.3 and 50°C. Enzyme extract stability was evaluated, obtaining higher stability with pH between 4.5 and 5.5, higher temperature of up to 40°C. The kinetic thermal denaturation (Kd), half-life time, D-value, and Z-value were similar for both enzymes. The xylanase Ed value (89.1 kJ/mol) was slightly lower than the avicelase one (96.7 kJ/mol), indicating higher thermostability for avicelase. (4) Conclusion: In this way, the production of cellulases using alternative substrates is a way to reduce production costs, since they represent about 10% of the world demand of enzymes, with application in animal feed processing, food production and breweries, textile processing, detergent and laundry production, pulp manufacturing and the production of biofuels.

Lesões hepáticas encontradas em bovinos abatidos para alimentação humana

Objetivou-se verificar a ocorrência e as causas de condenação de fígados de bovinos em um frigorífico na cidade de Condor, na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sob regime de Inspeção Estadual, através da análise macroscópica e microscópica dos fígados condenados pelo SIE. Para isso, em um período de nove meses foram colhidas 196 amostras de lesões de fígado de bovinos. O material foi fotografado e fragmentos de fígado foram colhidos e fixados em formalina neutra a 10%, e processados rotineiramente para exame histopatológico. De acordo com o SIE, as razões para condenação foram: cirrose (26,54%), fasciolose (25,52%), peri-hepatite (15,81%), abscessos (14,79%), esteatose (10,71%), telangiectasia (3,06%) hidatidose (2,03%) e outras causas (1,54%). No exame microscópico, os fígados mostraram esteatose (26,54%), fasciolose (25,52%), abscessos (14,79%), sem alterações (13,77%), fibrose capsular (11,22%), telangiectasia (3,06%), peri-hepatite (3,06%), calcificação focal (1,02%) e hidatidose (1,02%). No presente estudo houve diferenças em alguns diagnósticos macroscópicos realizados pelos inspetores quando comparados com os diagnósticos microscópicos, demonstrando que há falta de aperfeiçoamento dos inspetores na linha de inspeção, corroborando com estudos já realizados.

The aim of this study is to verify the occurrence and causes of liver condemnation in a slaughter house in Condor, at the Northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul, under state inspection, through macroscopic and microscopic liver condemned by the SIE (State Inspection Service). During a period of nine month, were collected 196 samples of cattle injured liver. The material was pictured and liver fragments were collected and fixed in 10% neutral formalin and routinely processed for histopathological examination. According to the SIE, the reasons for judgment were: cirrhosis (26.54%), fascioliasis (25.52%), perihepatitis (15.81%), abscesses (14.79%), steatosis (10 71%), telangiectasia (3.06%) hydatid disease (2.03%) and other causes (1.54%). On microscopic examination, the livers showed steatosis (26.54%), fasciolosis (25.52%), abscesses (14.79%), unchanged (13.77%), capsular fibrosis (11.22%), telangiectasia (3.06%), perihepatitis (3.06%), focal calcification (1.02%) and hydatid disease (1.02%). In this study there were differences in some macroscopic diagnoses made by inspectors when compared to the microscopic diagnosis, showing that there is a lack of training by the inspectors in the inspection line, confirming previous studies.

Lesões hepáticas encontradas em bovinos abatidos para alimentação humana / Liver lesions found in cattle slaughtered for human consumption

Objetivou-se verificar a ocorrência e as causas de condenação de fígados de bovinos em um frigorífico na cidade de Condor, na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sob regime de Inspeção Estadual, através da análise macroscópica e microscópica dos fígados condenados pelo SIE. Para isso, em um período de nove meses foram colhidas 196 amostras de lesões de fígado de bovinos. O material foi fotografado e fragmentos de fígado foram colhidos e fixados em formalina neutra a 10%, e processados rotineiramente para exame histopatológico. De acordo com o SIE, as razões para condenação foram: cirrose (26,54%), fasciolose (25,52%), peri-hepatite (15,81%), abscessos (14,79%), esteatose (10,71%), telangiectasia (3,06%) hidatidose (2,03%) e outras causas (1,54%). No exame microscópico, os fígados mostraram esteatose (26,54%), fasciolose (25,52%), abscessos (14,79%), sem alterações (13,77%), fibrose capsular (11,22%), telangiectasia (3,06%), peri-hepatite (3,06%), calcificação focal (1,02%) e hidatidose (1,02%). No presente estudo houve diferenças em alguns diagnósticos macroscópicos realizados pelos inspetores quando comparados com os diagnósticos microscópicos, demonstrando que há falta de aperfeiçoamento dos inspetores na linha de inspeção, corroborando com estudos já realizados.